Gullu mual leh leisung sumpiang

Thupatna:

Zomi I-hihleh amihing I-it mahbang-in aleitang mahmah-zong itding thumaan ahihi. Israel te-in 1948 kum, gamdang pan-in agam-uh azuatkiik hun-in gamgi atun-uhteh aleitang pham-in baak cithu neu thumangmawh khat ahihi.

Guullu Leisumtawhna khaaktan nading-in tualleenphung-a mipihte honkhat' mapanna athu kizaza-in, peek- 1, 2 tawh amapang tampi-zong ki-om-hi. Tuate' tungvuum-ah, WZC-in Mikaanglaai leh Seenlaai-tawh hong phuankhiat Laaipaih-in muiibunh mahmah ding-in lamet-huai mahmah-hi. President Thein Sein' khualzinna khempeuh-ah tua laaipaih kiphuang henla, atuntunna-a thuneite' kiang-ah cc puak lehang gamdangte' mit-heek a-et saan laaitak ahihman-in thu bang-a kalsuanna hong ngaihsun theikha dinghi.

Australia-a Leisumtawhna-tawh Saaikaakna: 

Zomite-pen mihing tualtang I-suahzawh huntom mahmah himah taleh, leitangnei minamte I-hi uhhi. Leitangnei mite' hihtheihna (rights)-pen gamukpawl (government)-in koikoi-ah kepcingsak, humsak-in lapsaangsak cihpen democracy ngeina paizia khat ahihi. Zomite-pen Australia Gam-a leitangnei minam Aboriginal te-tawh (identical and political context) kisuun mahmah-hi. Amaute-pen Australia Gamukpawl-in thupibawl mahmah-a, leisumtawhna akipatding ciang-in naakpi-in thukumna, leh thukimna laaibawlna-a kipan naakpi-in kizom uhhi. Tua nangawn Aboriginal minamte-in akilawmzah phattuamna lawhlo ci-in kansuutna (reseach) naakpi-in kibawl-a, Aboriginal te' hamphat nading lampi behlap toto laai uhhi.

Keyword:  Mining., Native Title., Problems of Ethnic Minority., Resource Curse., Mining Royalties., Mining Company., Government & State Government., Agreements., ACTs.

Zomi-tawh dinmun akisuun, leitangnei Aboriginal te' leitang pan-in leisumtawhna akipat ciang-in 1993 kum-in Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) bawl uh-a, khualeikiat ahihkeileh ataangteen mite' thuneihna kibawlsak-hi (Langton & Mazel, 2008). Leisumtawh-tawh kisai Aboriginal te' hamphatna leh asupna saaikaak nading-in Halvor Mehlum leh alawmte (Mehlum et al. 2006)-in leisumtawhna anei gam 42-ah kansuutna bawl uhhi. Native cihpen tua leitang-ah ataangpi-in apu apa pan-in ateeng, akhang leh aluahte hi-a, khuatualta cilehang kikhial lo-hi.

Khuatualtate' hihtheihna (rights)-pen leisumtawhna tungtaang-ah naakpi-in lian-hi, banghanghiam cihleh leitawhna ziak-in leitangneite' ading-in supna tampi om ahihman ahihi. Tua ahihman-in minam itte-in asiamsinna-uh amau' meet nading sang-in hihbang leitangneite' hamphatna ading-in thasaan-hi mapang uhhi. Maureen Tehan (2003)-in, 'khualtualtate' hihtheihna leh khuatualtate' huneihna' naakpi-in suut-a, atung-a 'khuatualtate' hihtheihna' tawh kisai naakpi-in gamukte leh mipi' tung-ah sungkhia-hi. Hih laaisiamte' suut abulpi-pen 'leitangneite' hihtheihna hihzah? kicinglo, asupna lianlua,tua ahihman-in puahphading., ' cihte lahthu (evidence) kiciantak-tawh thusunna abawl-uh ahihi.

Leitangnei khuatualtate' leitang tung-ah leisumtawhna akibawl ciang-in "Native Title Rights" khuatualtate' tung-ah akipiak hamtangding ahihi. Native Rights nungzuui-in leisumtawhna tantaang (mining royalties) ciangtan/seh kuul-hi. Leitawhna ziak-in anawkkhaak nading leitangte' ziak-in leitangneite' kiang-ah mimal-a goihsum sehding ahihi. Tua khitciang-in State leh Government -tawh thukimna (agreement) kibawl theipan dinghi. Tua nung-ah "State Govt. in bangzah Royalties ngahding" cih kiseh panding-hi. Tua zom-ah Mining Company leh Govt kaalthu honghi toding-a, tua takciang-in, "thukimna" akibawlsa nangawn "Leitangneite lungkimlo tawntung zaw-hi", banghanghiam cihleh company-in ameet bekmah en-a aseem ahihman-in kiciamna bang-in leitangneite dopbawl peuhmah lo-in, amau' lampi anuam penpen ding-in ziik/bawl uh-a, gamukte-in amaute' seplehbawl humpih dingmah-a thukimna a-om bang-in hum ahihman-in khuatualtate-in suplawh thapaai-hi.

Leisum tawhna-in huatualtate' lak-ah tankimlohna (inequality) naakpi-in khangsak-a, namdeiina (racism)-zong kilanghtang tak-in khanghi cihthu atung-a kansuutte-in mukhia-in pholaak uhhi, banghang-in hih thusiate khanghiam cihleh nasep silbawlna limlim-ah "thukimna" akibawl teeisaam hang-in akisep taktak ciang-in khuatualtate' sang-in khualte asiamzaw, goihman tawmzaw-tawh ngahna ziak-a khualte zatna cihte-a kipan Zomi mitmuh tanzil-ah "namdeiina" I-sak kholloh phialding namdeiina lianpi khang-hi. (Hih-pen Guullu leisumtawhna hong kibawlleh bangciang Zomite hong lawhding cihthu kitel silsel-hi: Khuatualtate siamsinna aneihlohna, Kawlpau asiamlohna, nasep kizenlohna-a kipan pauhlap kicingtak hongnei lelding uh-a, Mining Company leh Govt. te-in hong awlmawh deklohding kimu sinsen-hi).

Guullu Mual-pen Zogam sung-ah om-a, Zomite' teenna leitang tung-ah a-om ahihi. Zomite' neihsa ahihi. Tua kawm-in Kawl Gamukte (Myanmar Govt.) leh Kawlte' pupi Seen kizopna azenzen-in hong lawhcing ngialleh Zomite-in atuimawl nangawn hawp khalo dinghi, banghang hiam cih leh: atung-a I-suutsa mahbang-in Aboriginal te-in Gamukte (Govt.), Gameh Ukte (State Govt.) leh Mining Company (Mining Company-pen Kumpi' a akicihtheih zenzen hang-in kumpi-tawh thukimna huam khat sung-ah summeetbawl kipawlna khat hilel-hi) te-tawh "thukimna" ciantak-a akibawl sinsen, "Tantaang piakding, Leitangnei hihna ziak-a goihsum, leitang kisiat man-a siatvatsum" cihte thukimna lim akikaai khinsa nangawn, anua ciang-in khuatualtate' khasiatna, supna baaina, leh amau' ngahzah ding-a akilawm tanh ngahlo-hi ci-a kansuutte' pholaakna I-mu khin-hi.

Guullu- tungtaang ahihleh "Guullu kito dinghi" cih kiza kiau beklel-a, aleitangnei khuatualtate' theihloh kaal-a akivaaihawm ahihna thumaanlo guipi masa hipah-hi. Khuatualtate leh leitangneite theihsakna nengcikbeek omlo-in Kawl Gamukte leh Mining Company khat-in thukimna bawlngiau cihpah malam-pen democracy genloh Hitler's Nazi vaaihawmna' sang-in neemzaw lo-hi. Tua kawmkaal-ah, Gamseh Ukte (State Govt.) daan-a panmun aneipak Hung Ngai tepawl-zong Kawl Gaalkaappupite-in "kaap ou" acihleh anu apa, alaaizomte nangawn akaapding khuak ciangbek mah-tawh hong vaaihawm ahihman-in Guullu Leitangnei khuatualtate theisak lo-in, theihsak-zong kuul salo-in, nana "lukuun" laailaai-hi. Hihte-pen democracy kalsuanzia-tawh akido vive hi-a, tua pipi-mah leisumtawhna' ading masuan hongzom teeiteei uhleh "Zomite mihing-a sehlohna" kilangh seemseem cihna ahihi. Amaute-in mihing-a hong sehloh ziak-in dahhuai lua tangtang pahsaamkei naveen ahizong-in honpi khat I-sup khitteh kipeek theipan mawklehang I' supsate ki lakiik thei khollo dinghi.

Kawlgam President zinkawikawi lo-in gamsung masuan azom hileh hih Guullu thu-pen kidaal zolo khamah dinghi, ahizong-in democracy gamliante' awina (approval)-mah zong kawikawi-in hong zinkhiat-pen Zomite' lampi hoih mahmah khat hiding-hi. Adiak-in tutung USA azinna lungdamhuai phadeuh-hi, banghanghiam cihleh ama' tuntunna-ah WZC Laaipaihpi nana kisuang thei ding, nana kipholaak theiding, Zomi itte-in tua Laaipaih bulphuh-in "lungpho" theiding ahihman-in "Guullu Humbit" zo-kha lahloding hihang cih kei' muhna ahihi. Tualo-in, democracy gamliante' muhna/maai-ah tuabang pholaakna omkeileh Kawl Gamukte-pen Kawlgam sung-a sosaanna ciangciang-tawh akiliing vetlo I-theihsa ahihi. Gentehna-in, lawmte-tawh huankhang zaang-ah ka' kimawl-a, lawmte khat ka' paampaih-hi. Tua kimawlna phual-ah lawmpa leh amah a-it nih-leh-thum-in hong gen tantan hang-in phamawh ka'sa kei-hi, ahizong-in ka' inn-ah hongpai-in ka' pa' maai-ah, "U Khai, banghang-a hong paampaih na-hia? Kozong kimawl nuam hive-ung" hongcileh muibunh mahmah se-hi. Leitung democracy gamliante lo-in gam khat a-uk gamukte gamtaang theilo-a, tua gamliante' maai-ah akipholaak thute lungsimpiakna (akineih ahiphial zong-in attention) pia hamtang cihthu leitung paizia ahihi.

Tuabang ahihman-in Kawl Gamukte gampualam hongkaan sim-in "I' minam sung-ah akisam bangteng omhiam, bangteng pulaak ding-in hoih/kisam-hiam" cihte minam kithuzatuah-in, I-omna ciatciat pan-in pholhkhia zeelthei lehang, Kawlgam-in democracy lam-ah akalsuan takpi-nuam ahihleh hong koihkhong saamlo ding-a, hong kitheihmawhbawl buanglo dinghi. Minam it cingteng vive gamdang tung phingpheng I-hihteh thanuam tak-in pangkhawm lehang naakpi-in muibunh ding-a, I' gam leitang-tawh kigamla-in tuipi-in honghal mahleh I' gam' ading aseemseem-mah hiding hihang. Zomi it-in gamlei itlo cihbangte, "amihing itding, a-Zomi bek itloding" cih kiaukuau sese tepawl hilo-in, Zomi it, Zogam it, Zongeina it peuhlehang kicing-hi.

Guullu Leisumtawhna Cikteh?

Minam sung-ah muhna namnih om-a, "Tua Guullu-ah amanpha om ahihleh koihkoih sang-in to lehang Zomi honkhat mah-in noptuamlawh saamding hiven, koihkoih lehang ana-khangding lah hituan lo-a.,.." cih ngaihsun uhhi. Maan mahmah-hi. Tawhding ahihi. I' gam keu-in amite zawngkhaal mahmah I-hih man-in sumlehpaai lawhtheih nading ahihleh tawhding-mah ahihi.

Adang ngaihsutna-ah, "I' tulehtate, suanlehkhaakte' ading gamh thupi mahmah ahihteh khoih vetlohding ahihi, tua khoih peuhmah lehang I' tulehtate' luahding bangmah omlo dinghi," ci-in suanlehkhaakte khualna lungsim apua-zong ki-omhi. Maan-hi. Tulehtate' gamh dingpen thupi mahmah-hi. Minam khat akhantoh nading-in akisam bulpite' lak-ah sumlehpaai-pen athupi mahmah khat ahihi. I' gam-ah, sumlehpaai haksatna leh ziadiklo kiukna ziak-in I' minam tualniam mahmah-a, sumlehpaai nuamtak leh oltak-a ngah nading ei' khang-ah lampi akihon keileh I' tulehtate-in akisam siamsinna neizo loding, saangkah sakzo loding I-hihman-in tuabang khang tampi kizomsuk lelding-a, "vaainung guahsia-in lap" theikha mawhlo dinghi.

Guullu leisumtawhna' ading-in tulehtate I'khualleh amaute' ading akisampah (immediate need)te I' sikzawh nading lampi tampitak kisam-hi. Siamsinna-pen laaibu lei-a, Kawlgam Saanginn te-ah abeisa leh tu ciangciang tanzil (level)-tawh tulehtate saangkahsak ciangciang-pen minam khantohna piang zangzang loding muhsa hi-a, sumlehpaai zia-om tak-a ngahtheih nading lampi omleh naupangte' kisap Siamsinna' ading guipite-pen: laaisinna, computer sinna, cidamna (kidaalna zatui-a kipan), lungsimdamna, gualpolh-siamna (social skill), kithuahkhopna: tuate zom-ah, singlepsiamna (carpentry), lamlamsiamna (engineering), setlamsiamna (mechanic), daatlamsiamna (electronic), zatuilam (medical)-a kipan siamsinna lamzing tam cihtak-in atamte naupangte-in sin-a azatsiam nading sepsinna (practice-let-tuih)-a zatding lpd: singlepsiamna bekbek-ah, sing-at, sikkhu, siiksek, siiktukkilh, singnawtna, bii-thuhna, singgaakna, piiciang, ciimtuai, khausaai, khaukhaai,..sangnaupang kim-in abukim-a azatsin loh-in banglawhding? Tuate sumzonna lamlianpi a-omloh-in kua'n sikzo mawkding?? Tua ahihman-in sumlehpaai-pen sawtpi I-umcip hang-in nana pung/khangpha tuanlo-a, tua aki-umcip hunsung-in tualleenphung mite akhang-in tualniam paisuak zaw-hi.

Guullu Leisumtawh kipan-ni :

Thunei Kawl Gamukte-tawh thukimna bawlding, tua thukimna-pen Native Title Rights tung-ah kinga peelmawhding, leitangnei hihna ziak-a thuneihna Zomi-in nei hamtangding, leisumtawhna pan-a, mining royalties ahihkeileh goihman/saapman-pen Zomi ngiat-in ngahding, State level-ah percent nengcik luutding, mining company leh gamukte-in amau' pusuahkhiat sumzuakna tungtawn-in sehhawmding (ei' a hong sukhalo), tuabaan-ah, siik-hampi (tawhkhiatphet siikte) siansuah nading leh sumzuakna huam-a pusuah nading lampi Zomite' a ding-zong gamukte-in hong honsakding (tua hikeileh amau' sung-ah puakluut lehang amau' manseh zahzah bek-tawh kizuak theileh kimeet loding) ahihvetkeileh International Institution' sehsa bang-a hong saangding, naseemmi-pen atuam-a asiamsa (expert) level lobuang ataangpi Zomi-in seemding, leitangnei Guullu kiim-a ataangteen ngiat Zomite' ading-in leitang kilaihna ziak-a siatvatsum (compensation) sehkholh sakding, lamziikpi km khat aziikleh hongsaap nading dollar bangzah cihte, setphualpi khat alamleh meikhu leh tuipaihna cihte' ading bangzah goihman/saapman hong piading cihte seh ziahziahding,....!

Tua hileh sumlehpaai zeekcing ding-a, Zogam-ah siamsinna saanginn leh cidamna zato naakpi-in khangkhaan theiding, naute anu' gil sung-ah a-omlaai pekpan-in akicing vitamin-tawh kidon zoding, cidam tak-a hong suakding, apoisa-a suak hong kiamding, hong pil-in hong thahaatding, siamsinna namcin hong zozoding, tuateh "Zogam apaalluun" hong hiding-hi. Tualo-in, tu-a Gamukte leh Gameh Ukte' vaaihawmna tanzil-tawh akitawh hetlohding, banghanghiam cihleh thukimna thuphuan nasiatak-a akibawl nangawn ahun ciang-in leitangneite-in ameet ngah lozaw tawntung-hi. Tua ahihteh, Zomi-in angah zahding akilawm tanh angahding thuciam a-omloh peuhmah-in leisumtawh nading avaaihawm a-omleh thu-tawh, tha-tawh daalding I-mawhpuak ahihi.

Phawkthaksak: Pu Thawng Za Cin Hau' inn-pen leiseek-tawh Kawlpi-ah a-etlawm masapawl hi-a, jeep zong nei-hi. Guhkan-a hongpai Japan te-in, "na' neih khempeuh sang-in na' ngakhuuk manphazaw" ci cihthu neuthu mangmawh ahihi. Ama' ngakhuuk-pen abaang/kawmteng Guullu suangtum-tawh phuung akiciang kici-hi. Leitangnei hihtheihna (Landowner Rights) a-omloh man-in I' gam-ah aki gamtaang theilo hikeileh Guullu Mual bang-a silmanpha a-omna Zogam-ah mun tampi omtuak-hi.

By: Zokhai (Australia)

Malmatte (References)

- Langton, M. & Mazel, O. (2008). Poverty in the midst of plenty: Aboriginal people, the 'resource curse' and Australia's mining boom. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 26(1). pp. 31- 65.

- Mehlum, H., Moene, K., & Torvik, R. (2006). Institution and the resource curse. The Economic Journal, 116(1). pp. 1-120.

- Tehan, M. (2003). A hope disillusioned, an opportunity lost? reflection on Common Law Native Title and ten years of the Native Title Act. Melbourne University Law Review. 27(2).